Actively Participating: Telling oppressive jokes, putting down people from target groups, intentionally avoiding target group members, discriminating against target group members, verbally or physically harassing target group members.
Denying: Enabling oppression by denying that target group members are oppressed. Does not actively oppress, but by denying that oppression exists, colludes with oppression.
Recognizing, No Action: Is aware of oppressive actions by self or others and their harmful effects, but takes no action to stop this behavior. This inaction is the result of fear, lack of information, confusion about what to do. Experiences discomfort at the contradiction between awareness and action.
Recognizing, Action: Is aware of oppression, recognizes oppressive actions of self and others and takes action to stop it.
| Actively Participating | Denying | Recognizing, No Action | Recognizing, Action | Educating Self | Educating Others | Supporting, Encouraging | Initiating, Preventing |
| Supporting Oppression <-------------> Confronting Oppression | |||||||
Educating Self: Taking actions to learn more about oppression and the experiences and heritage of target group members by reading, attending workshops, seminars, cultural events, participating in discussions, joining organizations or groups that oppose oppression, attending social action and change events.
Educating Others: Moving beyond only educating self to question and dialogue with others too. Rather than only stopping oppressive comments or behaviors, also engaging people in discussion to share why you object to a comment or action.
Supporting, Encouraging: Supporting others who speak out against oppression or who are working to be more inclusive of target group members by backing up others who speak out, forming an allies group, joining a coalition group.
Initiating, Preventing: Working to change individual and institutional actions and policies that discriminate against target group members, planning educational programs or other events, working for passage of legislation that protects target group members from discrimination, being explicit about making sure target group members are full participants in organizations or groups.
Source: Adams, M., Bell, L, & Griffin, P. (1997). Teaching for diversity and social justice: A sourcebook. (appendix 6C). Retrieved from http://books.google.ca/books?id=V-BEnvaodCoC&pg=PA109